What is the role of genes in the process of inheritance?

The role of genes in the process of inheritance is primarily to transmit genetic information from parents to their offspring. Genes, which are segments of DNA, carry the instructions that determine various traits—ranging from physical characteristics, such as eye color and height, to other features like susceptibility to certain diseases. This transmission occurs during reproduction when genetic material from both parents combines, leading to the genetic makeup of the child.

Other options, while they touch on aspects of biology, do not accurately describe the role of genes in inheritance. For instance, genes do not provide energy for cellular processes—rather, they encode the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins, which can then engage in energetic processes within cells. Additionally, while genes can influence hormone production, that is not their primary role regarding inheritance. Finally, stating that genes determine physical capabilities only is overly restrictive; genes can influence a wide array of traits beyond physical ability, including behavioral and physiological characteristics.